Naming and classifying organisms through binomial nomenclature, the Linnaean hierarchy, type specimens, and the rules governing taxonomic authority and revision. Covers the structure of a scientific name, the ranks from domain to subspecies, the codes (ICZN, ICN, ICNP), and the modern phylogenetic refinements that reshape the classical system. Use when the task is to place a known organism in its formal hierarchy or to reason about how names change over time.